1) Wind Power Programme
The broad based Wind Power Programme of the Ministry aims to catalyze commercialization of grid interactive wind power.
� WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
The Wind Resource Assessment Programme which is being coordinated by the Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET) has so far covered 25 States and Union Territories involving establishment of 1050 wind monitoring and wind mapping stations. The cost of setting up a wind monitoring station is shared between Central and State Governments in ratio of 80:20 whereas it is 90:10 for the North Eastern Region and hilly States. 216 potential sites have been identified in the country.
� POTENTIAL
The Potential for wind power generation for grid interaction has been estimated at about 48,500 MW taking sites having wind power density greater than 250/W sq. m at 50 m hub-height with 3% land availability in potential areas for setting up wind farms @12 ha/MW.
� TECHNOL0GY
Two types of wind turbines namely stall regulated and pitch regulated are being deployed in the country and abroad for grid-interactive power. The stall regulated wind turbines have fixed rotor blades whereas pitch regulated wind turbines have adjustable rotor blades that change the angle of attach depending upon wind speed. Both technologies have their own advantages and disadvantages. Wind turbines are also available with lattice, steel tubular and concrete tubular towers.
� DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMME
An aggregate demonstration wind power capacity of 71 MW has been established at 33 locations in 9 states viz., Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Demonstration projects are implemented through the State Governments, State Nodal Agencies or State Electricity Boards. Demonstration projects will be taken up only in those states where commercial wind power projects have not yet been initiated/taken off.
� DEPLOYMENT
A total capacity of 9587 MW has been established up to November, 2008, mainly in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan. Wind electric generators of unit sizes between 225 kW and 1.65 MW have been deployed across the country. India now ranks 4th in the world after Germany, Spain and USA in grid connected wind power installations. A cumulative total of over 54 billions units of electricity have been fed to the State Electricity Grids.
� MANUFACTURING BASE OF WIND ELECTRIC GENERATORS
Wind Electric Generators are being manufactured in the country by a dozen manufacturers, through (i) joint ventures under licensed production (ii) subsidiaries of foreign companies, under licensed production and (iii) Indian companies with their own technology. An indigenization level up to 70% has been achieved in machines of unit sizes up to 500 kW. The import content is somewhat higher in higher capacity machines. The current annual production capacity of domestic wind turbines is about 2500 MW.
� GUIDELINES FOR SETTING UP PROJECTS
The Ministry has been issuing guidelines for wind power development since July 1995 in order to bring about balanced growth of the sector. These guidelines relate to preparation of detailed project reports, micro-siting, selection of wind turbine equipment, operation & maintenance, performance evaluation, etc. A list of manufacturers of certified wind turbine machines is issued by C-WET on quarterly basis.
� PROMOTIONAL POLICIES
A package of fiscal and financial incentives is available which includes concessions such as 80% accelerated depreciation, concessional custom duty on specified items, excise duty exemption, sales tax exemption, income tax exemption for 10 years, etc. In addition, State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) are determining preferential tariffs. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) provides loan for setting up wind power projects.
� CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY (C-WET)
The Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), Chennai was established in Tamil Nadu in 1998 as an autonomous institution under the administrative control of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. C-WET main activities include resource assessment and testing & certification.
The Potential for wind power generation for grid interaction has been estimated at about 48,500 MW taking sites having wind power density greater than 250/W sq. m at 50 m hub-height with 3% land availability in potential areas for setting up wind farms @12 ha/MW.
� TECHNOL0GY
Two types of wind turbines namely stall regulated and pitch regulated are being deployed in the country and abroad for grid-interactive power. The stall regulated wind turbines have fixed rotor blades whereas pitch regulated wind turbines have adjustable rotor blades that change the angle of attach depending upon wind speed. Both technologies have their own advantages and disadvantages. Wind turbines are also available with lattice, steel tubular and concrete tubular towers.
� DEMONSTRATION PROGRAMME
An aggregate demonstration wind power capacity of 71 MW has been established at 33 locations in 9 states viz., Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. Demonstration projects are implemented through the State Governments, State Nodal Agencies or State Electricity Boards. Demonstration projects will be taken up only in those states where commercial wind power projects have not yet been initiated/taken off.
� DEPLOYMENT
A total capacity of 9587 MW has been established up to November, 2008, mainly in Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan. Wind electric generators of unit sizes between 225 kW and 1.65 MW have been deployed across the country. India now ranks 4th in the world after Germany, Spain and USA in grid connected wind power installations. A cumulative total of over 54 billions units of electricity have been fed to the State Electricity Grids.
� MANUFACTURING BASE OF WIND ELECTRIC GENERATORS
Wind Electric Generators are being manufactured in the country by a dozen manufacturers, through (i) joint ventures under licensed production (ii) subsidiaries of foreign companies, under licensed production and (iii) Indian companies with their own technology. An indigenization level up to 70% has been achieved in machines of unit sizes up to 500 kW. The import content is somewhat higher in higher capacity machines. The current annual production capacity of domestic wind turbines is about 2500 MW.
� GUIDELINES FOR SETTING UP PROJECTS
The Ministry has been issuing guidelines for wind power development since July 1995 in order to bring about balanced growth of the sector. These guidelines relate to preparation of detailed project reports, micro-siting, selection of wind turbine equipment, operation & maintenance, performance evaluation, etc. A list of manufacturers of certified wind turbine machines is issued by C-WET on quarterly basis.
� PROMOTIONAL POLICIES
A package of fiscal and financial incentives is available which includes concessions such as 80% accelerated depreciation, concessional custom duty on specified items, excise duty exemption, sales tax exemption, income tax exemption for 10 years, etc. In addition, State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) are determining preferential tariffs. Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) provides loan for setting up wind power projects.
� CENTRE FOR WIND ENERGY TECHNOLOGY (C-WET)
The Centre for Wind Energy Technology (C-WET), Chennai was established in Tamil Nadu in 1998 as an autonomous institution under the administrative control of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. C-WET main activities include resource assessment and testing & certification.
STATE
DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS (in MW)
ANDHRA PRADESH 5.4
GUJARAT 17.3
KARNATAKA 7.1
KERALA 2.0
MADHYA PRADESH 0.6
MAHARASHTRA 8.4
RAJASTHAN 6.4
TAMIL NADU 19.4
WEST BENGAL 1.1
OTHERS 3.3
TOTAL 71.0
DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS (in MW)
ANDHRA PRADESH 5.4
GUJARAT 17.3
KARNATAKA 7.1
KERALA 2.0
MADHYA PRADESH 0.6
MAHARASHTRA 8.4
RAJASTHAN 6.4
TAMIL NADU 19.4
WEST BENGAL 1.1
OTHERS 3.3
TOTAL 71.0
2) Small Hydro Power Programme
Introduction
Hydropower is a renewable, non-polluting and environmentally benign source of energy. It is perhaps the oldest renewable energy technique known to the mankind for mechanical energy conversion as well as electricity generation.
Hydropower represents use of water resources towards inflation free energy due to absence of fuel cost with mature technology characterized by highest prime moving efficiency and spectacular operational flexibility. Out of the total power generation installed capacity of 1,48,265 MW (April,2009) in the country, hydro power contributes about 25% i.e. 36,877 MW.
Hydro Power Project Classification
Hydro power projects are generally categorized in two segments i.e. small and large hydro. In India, hydro projects up to 25 MW station capacity have been categorized as Small Hydro Power (SHP) projects. While Ministry of Power, Government of India is responsible for large hydro projects, the mandate for the subject small hydro power (up to 25 MW) is given to Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
Hydropower is a renewable, non-polluting and environmentally benign source of energy. It is perhaps the oldest renewable energy technique known to the mankind for mechanical energy conversion as well as electricity generation.
Hydropower represents use of water resources towards inflation free energy due to absence of fuel cost with mature technology characterized by highest prime moving efficiency and spectacular operational flexibility. Out of the total power generation installed capacity of 1,48,265 MW (April,2009) in the country, hydro power contributes about 25% i.e. 36,877 MW.
Hydro Power Project Classification
Hydro power projects are generally categorized in two segments i.e. small and large hydro. In India, hydro projects up to 25 MW station capacity have been categorized as Small Hydro Power (SHP) projects. While Ministry of Power, Government of India is responsible for large hydro projects, the mandate for the subject small hydro power (up to 25 MW) is given to Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
They are further classified as :
Micro Hydro (Up to 100KW)
Mini Hydro (101 to 2000KW)
Small Hydro (2001 to 25000KW)
Small Hydro Power Programme
Small Hydro Power ( SHP) Programme is one of the thrust areas of power generation from renewable in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. It has been recognized that small hydropower projects can play a critical role in improving the over all energy scenario of the country and in particular for remote and inaccessible areas. The Ministry is encouraging development of small hydro projects both in the public as well as private sector. Equal attention is being paid to grid-interactive and decentralized projects.
Aim: The Ministry’s aim is that the SHP installed capacity should be about 7000 MW by the end of 12th Plan. The focus of the SHP programme is to lower the cost of equipment, increase its reliability and set up projects in areas which give the maximum advantage in terms of capacity utilisation.
Potential: An estimated potential of about 15,000 MW of small hydro power projects exists in India. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has created a database of potential sites of small hydro and 5,415 potential sites with an aggregate capacity of 14,305.47 MW for projects up to 25 MW capacity have been identified.
Small Hydro Power ( SHP) Programme is one of the thrust areas of power generation from renewable in the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. It has been recognized that small hydropower projects can play a critical role in improving the over all energy scenario of the country and in particular for remote and inaccessible areas. The Ministry is encouraging development of small hydro projects both in the public as well as private sector. Equal attention is being paid to grid-interactive and decentralized projects.
Aim: The Ministry’s aim is that the SHP installed capacity should be about 7000 MW by the end of 12th Plan. The focus of the SHP programme is to lower the cost of equipment, increase its reliability and set up projects in areas which give the maximum advantage in terms of capacity utilisation.
Potential: An estimated potential of about 15,000 MW of small hydro power projects exists in India. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy has created a database of potential sites of small hydro and 5,415 potential sites with an aggregate capacity of 14,305.47 MW for projects up to 25 MW capacity have been identified.
While in early 90s, most of the SHP projects were set up in the public sector, from last 10 years or so, most of the capacity addition is now coming through private sector projects. Beginning of the 21st century saw near commercialization in the small hydro sector. Private sector entrepreneurs found attractive business opportunities in small hydro and state governments also felt that the private participation may be necessary in tapping the full potential of rivers and canals for power generation. The private sector has been attracted by these projects due to their small adoptable capacity matching with their captive requirements or even as affordable investment opportunities. In line with Government of India policy, 18 states have announced their policy for inviting private sector to set up SHP projects. The Government of India announced the Electricity Act in 2003, Electricity Policy in 2005 and Tariff Policy in 2006 to create a conducive atmosphere for investments in the power sector. Small hydropower projects are now governed by these policies and the tariff is decided by the State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) as per the Tariff Policy.
Watermills
Water wheels, commonly known as `gharats', have traditionally been used in the Himalayan regions for rice hulling, milling of grain and other mechanical applications. These water mills are normally of very old design and work at very low efficiencies. It has been estimated that there are more than 1.5 lakh potential water mill sites in the country. New and improved designs of water mills have been developed for mechanical as well as electricity generation of 3-5 kW.
The Ministry is providing subsidy for development and upgradation of water mills. Local organizations such as the Water Mill Associations, cooperative societies, registered NGOs, local bodies, and State Nodal Agencies are being encouraged to take up these activities. A number of NGOs are now propagating water mills for electricity generation to meet small scale electrical requirements of villages. Uttaranchal has taken a lead in setting up electricity generation watermills and over 350 such watermills were installed in remote and isolated areas of the state. Nagaland has recently commenced setting up watermills/micro hydel sets for rural electrification. Watermills are also being installed in Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Karnataka and Manipur.
The Ministry is providing subsidy for development and upgradation of water mills. Local organizations such as the Water Mill Associations, cooperative societies, registered NGOs, local bodies, and State Nodal Agencies are being encouraged to take up these activities. A number of NGOs are now propagating water mills for electricity generation to meet small scale electrical requirements of villages. Uttaranchal has taken a lead in setting up electricity generation watermills and over 350 such watermills were installed in remote and isolated areas of the state. Nagaland has recently commenced setting up watermills/micro hydel sets for rural electrification. Watermills are also being installed in Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, Karnataka and Manipur.
Manufacturing Status
India has a wide base of manufacturers of equipment for small hydro power projects. State-of-the-art equipment is available indigenously. 13 manufacturers fabricate almost the entire range and type of SHP equipment. Manufacturers capacity is estimated at about 250 MW per year. In addition, there are about 5 manufactures that are producing micro hydel and watermill equipment.
List of SHP equipment manufacturers
Technical and consultation Services
Consultancy services in the field of small hydro projects are available from a number of Government / private consultancy organizations. The Ministry is strengthening technical institutions to provide such services. AHEC, IIT Roorkee is providing full range of technical services in the field of small hydro including survey and investigation, DPR preparation, project design etc. On site testing facility has been created at AHEC to test SHP stations for their performance. For testing facilities please see AHEC website : www.ahec.org.in
Real Time Digital Simulator for SHP
A Real Time simulator has been set up at AHEC which would provide hands on experience to operators of SHP stations. It is the first SHP simulator in the country. The simulator is capable of replicate all conditions of a hydro power station. AHEC is offering regular training programmes for operators and engineers of SHP stations. For details of simulator and training programmes please see AHEC website: www.ahec.org.in
India has a wide base of manufacturers of equipment for small hydro power projects. State-of-the-art equipment is available indigenously. 13 manufacturers fabricate almost the entire range and type of SHP equipment. Manufacturers capacity is estimated at about 250 MW per year. In addition, there are about 5 manufactures that are producing micro hydel and watermill equipment.
List of SHP equipment manufacturers
Technical and consultation Services
Consultancy services in the field of small hydro projects are available from a number of Government / private consultancy organizations. The Ministry is strengthening technical institutions to provide such services. AHEC, IIT Roorkee is providing full range of technical services in the field of small hydro including survey and investigation, DPR preparation, project design etc. On site testing facility has been created at AHEC to test SHP stations for their performance. For testing facilities please see AHEC website : www.ahec.org.in
Real Time Digital Simulator for SHP
A Real Time simulator has been set up at AHEC which would provide hands on experience to operators of SHP stations. It is the first SHP simulator in the country. The simulator is capable of replicate all conditions of a hydro power station. AHEC is offering regular training programmes for operators and engineers of SHP stations. For details of simulator and training programmes please see AHEC website: www.ahec.org.in
3) Biomass Power/Cogeneration Programme
The Biomass power/cogeneration programme is implemented with the main objective of promoting technologies for optimum use of country’s biomass resources for grid and off grid power generation. Biomass materials successfully used for power generation include bagasse, rice husk, straw, cotton stalk, coconut shells, soya husk, de-oiled cakes, coffee waste, jute wastes, groundnut shells, saw dust etc. The technologies being promoted include combustion/ cogeneration and gasification either for power in captive or grid connected modes or for heat applications.
� POTENTIAL
The current availability of biomass in India is estimated at about 500 millions metric tones per year. Studies sponsored by the Ministry has estimated surplus biomass availability at about 120 – 150 million metric tones per annum covering agricultural and forestry residues corresponding to a potential of about 16,000 MW. This apart, about 5,000 MW additional power could be generated through bagasse based cogeneration in the country’s 550 Sugar mills, if these sugar mills were to adopt technically and economically optimal levels of cogeneration for extracting power from the bagasse produced by them.
TECHNOLOGY
� COMBUSTION
The thermo chemical processes for conversion of biomass to useful products involve combustion, gasification or pyrolysis. The most commonly used route is combustion. The advantage is that the technology used is similar to that of a thermal plant based on coal, except for the boiler. The cycle used is the conventional ranking cycle with biomass being burnt in high pressure boiler to generate steam and operating a turbine with generated steam. The net power cycle efficiencies that can be achieved are about 23-25%. The exhaust of the steam turbine can either be fully condensed to produce power, or used partly or fully for another useful heating activity. The latter mode is called cogeneration. In India, cogeneration route finds application mainly in industries.
� GASIFICATION
Instead of combustion, it is possible to convert the biomass into producer gas by gasification (partial combustion). Thermo-chemical gasification involves burning the biomass with insufficient air so that complete combustion doesn’t occur, but a gaseous product is obtained. The producer gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Gasifiers are classified as updraft or downdraft depending on the direction of flow of the biomass and producer gas. India has significant experience in atmospheric gasifiers.
� COGENERATION IN SUGAR MILLS
6 MW Biomass Power project, Andhra Pradesh
Sugar industry has been traditionally practicing cogeneration by using bagasse as a fuel. With the advancement in the technology for generation and utilization of steam at high temperature and pressure, sugar industry can produce electricity and steam for their own requirements. It can also produce significant surplus electricity for sale to the grid using same quantity of bagasse. For example, if steam generation temperature/pressure is raised from 400oC/33 bar to 485oC/66 bar, more than 80 KWh of additional electricity can be produced for each ton of cane crushed. The sale of surplus power generated through optimum cogeneration would help a sugar mill to improve its viability, apart from adding to the power generation capacity of the country.
� DEPLOYMENT
The Ministry has been implementing biomass power /co-generation programme since mid nineties. A total of 203 biomass power and cogeneration projects aggregating to 1677 MW capacity have been installed in the country for feeding power to the grid. In addition, around 171 biomass power and cogeneration projects aggregating to 1850 MW of electricity are under various stages of implementation. Cogeneration projects in sugar mills includes 82 projects with installed capacity aggregating to 690 MW. Another 107 projects are under implementation aggregating to 1280 MW. States which have taken leadership position in implementation of cogeneration projects are Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh, The leading States for biomass power projects are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
� MANUFACTURING BASE
Manufacturing capability exists in the country for the equipment/machinery required for setting up Biomass Projects. Except for some critical control equipment, and high efficiency turbines, most of the equipments can be procured from indigenous sources.
Boilers
A number of large manufacturers have established capabilities for manufacturing spreader stoker fired, traveling grate/dumping grate boilers; atmospheric pressure fluidized bed boilers and circulating fluidized bed boilers.
Due to recent upsurge of interest in co-generation for surplus power, leading manufacturers are further upgrading their capabilities for high efficiency boilers.
Steam Turbines
Almost all combinations – condensing, single extraction/double extraction condensing, back pressure, etc. are now being offered in the country with full after sales services guarantees. The efficiencies of turbines now being offered are comparable to the best in the world.
Other Equipment
Apart from the main equipment, there is a well established capability and capacity for manufacture of related equipment for use of biomass for energy including harvesters, balers, briquetting equipment, handling and firing equipment, pollution control systems , etc. Many multinational companies have set up manufacturing facilities in the country for such equipment.
� PROMOTIONAL POLICIES
Besides the Central Financial Assistance, fiscal incentives such as 80% accelerated depreciation, concessional import duty, excise duty, tax holiday for 10 years etc., are available for Biomass power projects. The benefit of concessional custom duty and excise duty exemption on equipments. In addition, State Electricity Regulatory Commissions have determined preferential tariffs and Renewable Purchase Standards (RPS). Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) provides loan for setting up wind power and bagasse cogeneration projects.
� POTENTIAL
The current availability of biomass in India is estimated at about 500 millions metric tones per year. Studies sponsored by the Ministry has estimated surplus biomass availability at about 120 – 150 million metric tones per annum covering agricultural and forestry residues corresponding to a potential of about 16,000 MW. This apart, about 5,000 MW additional power could be generated through bagasse based cogeneration in the country’s 550 Sugar mills, if these sugar mills were to adopt technically and economically optimal levels of cogeneration for extracting power from the bagasse produced by them.
TECHNOLOGY
� COMBUSTION
The thermo chemical processes for conversion of biomass to useful products involve combustion, gasification or pyrolysis. The most commonly used route is combustion. The advantage is that the technology used is similar to that of a thermal plant based on coal, except for the boiler. The cycle used is the conventional ranking cycle with biomass being burnt in high pressure boiler to generate steam and operating a turbine with generated steam. The net power cycle efficiencies that can be achieved are about 23-25%. The exhaust of the steam turbine can either be fully condensed to produce power, or used partly or fully for another useful heating activity. The latter mode is called cogeneration. In India, cogeneration route finds application mainly in industries.
� GASIFICATION
Instead of combustion, it is possible to convert the biomass into producer gas by gasification (partial combustion). Thermo-chemical gasification involves burning the biomass with insufficient air so that complete combustion doesn’t occur, but a gaseous product is obtained. The producer gas is a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Gasifiers are classified as updraft or downdraft depending on the direction of flow of the biomass and producer gas. India has significant experience in atmospheric gasifiers.
� COGENERATION IN SUGAR MILLS
6 MW Biomass Power project, Andhra Pradesh
Sugar industry has been traditionally practicing cogeneration by using bagasse as a fuel. With the advancement in the technology for generation and utilization of steam at high temperature and pressure, sugar industry can produce electricity and steam for their own requirements. It can also produce significant surplus electricity for sale to the grid using same quantity of bagasse. For example, if steam generation temperature/pressure is raised from 400oC/33 bar to 485oC/66 bar, more than 80 KWh of additional electricity can be produced for each ton of cane crushed. The sale of surplus power generated through optimum cogeneration would help a sugar mill to improve its viability, apart from adding to the power generation capacity of the country.
� DEPLOYMENT
The Ministry has been implementing biomass power /co-generation programme since mid nineties. A total of 203 biomass power and cogeneration projects aggregating to 1677 MW capacity have been installed in the country for feeding power to the grid. In addition, around 171 biomass power and cogeneration projects aggregating to 1850 MW of electricity are under various stages of implementation. Cogeneration projects in sugar mills includes 82 projects with installed capacity aggregating to 690 MW. Another 107 projects are under implementation aggregating to 1280 MW. States which have taken leadership position in implementation of cogeneration projects are Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Uttar Pradesh, The leading States for biomass power projects are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
� MANUFACTURING BASE
Manufacturing capability exists in the country for the equipment/machinery required for setting up Biomass Projects. Except for some critical control equipment, and high efficiency turbines, most of the equipments can be procured from indigenous sources.
Boilers
A number of large manufacturers have established capabilities for manufacturing spreader stoker fired, traveling grate/dumping grate boilers; atmospheric pressure fluidized bed boilers and circulating fluidized bed boilers.
Due to recent upsurge of interest in co-generation for surplus power, leading manufacturers are further upgrading their capabilities for high efficiency boilers.
Steam Turbines
Almost all combinations – condensing, single extraction/double extraction condensing, back pressure, etc. are now being offered in the country with full after sales services guarantees. The efficiencies of turbines now being offered are comparable to the best in the world.
Other Equipment
Apart from the main equipment, there is a well established capability and capacity for manufacture of related equipment for use of biomass for energy including harvesters, balers, briquetting equipment, handling and firing equipment, pollution control systems , etc. Many multinational companies have set up manufacturing facilities in the country for such equipment.
� PROMOTIONAL POLICIES
Besides the Central Financial Assistance, fiscal incentives such as 80% accelerated depreciation, concessional import duty, excise duty, tax holiday for 10 years etc., are available for Biomass power projects. The benefit of concessional custom duty and excise duty exemption on equipments. In addition, State Electricity Regulatory Commissions have determined preferential tariffs and Renewable Purchase Standards (RPS). Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency (IREDA) provides loan for setting up wind power and bagasse cogeneration projects.
4) ENERGY RECOVERY FROM URBAN WASTES
The increasing industrialization, urbanization and changes in the pattern of life, which accompany the process of economic growth, give rise to generation of increasing quantities of wastes leading to increased threats to the environment. In recent years, technologies have been developed that not only help in generating substantial quantity of decentralized energy but also in reducing the quantity of waste for its safe disposal.
The Ministry is promoting all the Technology Options available for setting up projects for recovery of energy from urban wastes. In developed countries, environmental concerns rather than energy recovery is the prime motivator for waste-to-energy facilities, which help in treating and disposing of wastes. Energy in the form of biogas, heat or power is seen as a bonus, which improves the viability of such projects. While incineration and biomethanation are the most common technologies, pyrolysis and gasification are also emerging as preferred options. A common feature in most developed countries is that the entire waste management system is being handled as a profitable venture by private industry or non-government organizations with tipping fee for treatment of waste being one of the major revenue streams. The major Advantages for adopting technologies for recovery of energy from urban wastes is to reduce the quantity of waste and net reduction in environmental pollution, besides generation of substantial quantity of energy. However, there are a few Limitations/ Constraints, which have limited the growth of this sector.
The Ministry is promoting all the Technology Options available for setting up projects for recovery of energy from urban wastes. In developed countries, environmental concerns rather than energy recovery is the prime motivator for waste-to-energy facilities, which help in treating and disposing of wastes. Energy in the form of biogas, heat or power is seen as a bonus, which improves the viability of such projects. While incineration and biomethanation are the most common technologies, pyrolysis and gasification are also emerging as preferred options. A common feature in most developed countries is that the entire waste management system is being handled as a profitable venture by private industry or non-government organizations with tipping fee for treatment of waste being one of the major revenue streams. The major Advantages for adopting technologies for recovery of energy from urban wastes is to reduce the quantity of waste and net reduction in environmental pollution, besides generation of substantial quantity of energy. However, there are a few Limitations/ Constraints, which have limited the growth of this sector.
According to a recent estimate, about 42 million tonnes of solid waste (1.15 lakh tonnes per day) and 6000 million cubic meters of liquid waste are generated every year by our urban population.
Three projects for energy recovery from Municipal Solid Wastes with an aggregate capacity of 17.6 MW have been installed at Hyderabad, Vijayawada and Lucknow. Other urban waste projects include a 1 MW project based on cattle manure at Haebowal, Ludhiana; a 0.5 MW project for generation of power from biogas at sewage treatment plant at Surat; a 150 kW plant for vegetable market and slaughterhouse wastes at Vijayawada; and a 400 kWeq. Plant for production of biogas from slaughterhouse wastes at M/s Alkabeer Exports Ltd., Medak, A.P. Another 300 kW project based on vegetable market waste is under commissioning at Chennai. In all, a Total of 8 Projects for energy recovery from urban wastes with an aggregate capacity of 19.05 MWeq. have so far been set up in the country.
Three projects for energy recovery from Municipal Solid Wastes with an aggregate capacity of 17.6 MW have been installed at Hyderabad, Vijayawada and Lucknow. Other urban waste projects include a 1 MW project based on cattle manure at Haebowal, Ludhiana; a 0.5 MW project for generation of power from biogas at sewage treatment plant at Surat; a 150 kW plant for vegetable market and slaughterhouse wastes at Vijayawada; and a 400 kWeq. Plant for production of biogas from slaughterhouse wastes at M/s Alkabeer Exports Ltd., Medak, A.P. Another 300 kW project based on vegetable market waste is under commissioning at Chennai. In all, a Total of 8 Projects for energy recovery from urban wastes with an aggregate capacity of 19.05 MWeq. have so far been set up in the country.
Recent developments in Municipal Solid Waste Management would facilitate promotion of projects for recovery of energy from urban wastes. The Ministry has notified a Scheme for an Accelerated Programme on Energy Recovery from Urban Wastes, with the following objectives:
To accelerate the promotion of setting up of projects for recovery of energy from urban wastes;
To create a conducive conditions and environment, with fiscal and financial regime, to develop, demonstrate and disseminate utilisation of wastes for recovery of energy; and
To harness the available potential of MSW-to-energy by the year 2017;
A list of Technology Institutions and Consultants/ Consultancy Organisations involved in installation of Waste to Energy projects, and also Waste-To-Energy Technology Providers/ Suppliers in India have been compiled for reference of the various stakeholders working in this sector. The list is, however, as per the information available in the Ministry. Many of the suppliers listed, have not demonstrated their technologies yet and are only looking for such an opportunity. The implementing agencies / beneficiaries, therefore, need to ascertain about their experience/ ability in demonstrating the technologies before finalizing the implementation of projects.
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